COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic.
The symptoms of COVID‑19 can vary but often include fever,[7] fatigue, cough, breathing difficulties, loss of smell, and loss of taste.[8][9][10] Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms.[11][12] Of those who develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classified as patients, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging), and 5% develop critical symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction).[13] Older people have a higher risk of developing severe symptoms. Some complications result in death. Some people continue to experience a range of effects (long COVID) for months or years after infection, and damage to organs has been observed.[14] Multi-year studies on the long-term effects are ongoing.[15]
COVID‑19 transmission occurs when infectious particles are breathed in or come into contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth. The risk is highest when people are in close proximity, but small airborne particles containing the virus can remain suspended in the air and travel over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur when people touch their eyes, nose, or mouth after touching surfaces or objects that have been contaminated by the virus. People remain contagious for up to 20 days and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms.[16]
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Testing methods for COVID-19 to detect the virus’s nucleic acid include real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR),[17][18] transcription-mediated amplification,[17][18][19] and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT‑LAMP)[17][18] from a nasopharyngeal swab.[20]
Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, many of which have initiated mass vaccination campaigns. Other preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, use of face masks or coverings in public, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. While drugs have been developed to inhibit the virus, the primary treatment is still symptomatic, managing the disease through supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.
不過，隨著醫療科技的進展，現在出現了不用化學藥物刺激的全新解法。美國食品藥物管理局（FDA）近年以 De Novo（全新醫材）途徑核准了一款「震動膠囊」。這顆不是藥的膠囊，吞下去後會抵達大腸，並且定時震動，用物理動力把罷工的腸子「叫醒」。你到底是哪一型便秘？瀉藥為什麼會越吃越重？這顆震動膠囊真的有效嗎、又適合誰用？讓我們先從腸道裡的物理學開始說起。
National Center for Biotechnology Information, “Anthraquinone Laxatives and Melanosis Coli”, PMC, 2020
National Center for Biotechnology Information, “Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation Overlap”, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2021
National Center for Biotechnology Information, “Opioid-Induced Constipation: Pathophysiology and Management”, PMC, 2019
National Center for Biotechnology Information, “Hirschsprung Disease: Diagnosis and Management”, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2021
American Journal of Gastroenterology, “Real-world Efficacy and Safety of the Vibrating Capsule in Patients With Chronic Constipation”, journals.lww.com, 2025
National Center for Biotechnology Information, “Clinical Evaluation of the Vibrating Capsule for Chronic Idiopathic Constipation”, PMC, 2023
ScienceDirect, “Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Probiotics in Gut Motility”, sciencedirect.com, 2020
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