Bundy, A. C., Lane, S., & Murray, E. A. (2002). Sensory integration: Theory and practice (pp. 276-278). Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis.
Yates, B. J., Miller, A. D., & Lucot, J. B. (1998). Physiological basis and pharmacology of motion sickness: an update. Brain research bulletin, 47(5), 395-406.
在長途旅行乘坐巴士時,置物籃通常放有塑膠袋,相信大家心裡都清楚這些袋子不是裝垃圾用的,而是防止乘客在車程中突然腸胃翻攪,吐的滿車都是。動暈症最常出現的症狀就是嘔吐,而這個反應跟腦幹的反射與神經失配訊號傳遞相關。前庭核、視網膜後區域、胃腸道等地方傳遞的訊息會匯聚在腦幹的孤束核(Nucleus of the solitary tract, NTS),孤束核接受不同刺激例如血液中毒素、感覺衝突或腸胃道症狀,並活化腦幹鄰近區域,最終導致嘔吐。組織胺(histamine)、乙醯膽鹼(acetylcholine)和去甲腎上腺素(noradrenaline)是動暈症神經傳導過程的三種重要神經遞物。研究發現暈車時,腦中的組織胺濃度會升高,組織胺 H1 受體更被發現跟誘發嘔吐密切相關。在被動運動的刺激下,神經失配訊息會刺激下丘腦中的組織胺神經系統,並且刺激腦幹嘔吐中心的 H1 受體。
Bertolini, G., & Straumann, D. (2016). Moving in a moving world: a review on vestibular motion sickness. Frontiers in neurology, 7, 14.
Khan, S., & Chang, R. (2013). Anatomy of the vestibular system: a review. Neuro Rehabilitation, 32 (3), 437-443.
Koch, A., Cascorbi, I., Westhofen, M., Dafotakis, M., Klapa, S., & Kuhtz-Buschbeck, J. P. (2018). The neurophysiology and treatment of motion sickness. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 115 (41), 687.
Takeda, N., Morita, M., Horii, A., Nishiike, S., Kitahara, T., & Uno, A. (2001). Neural mechanisms of motion sickness. Journal of Medical Investigation, 48 (1/2), 44-59.
Zhang, L. L., Wang, J. Q., Qi, R. R., Pan, L. L., Li, M., & Cai, Y. L. (2016). Motion sickness: current knowledge and recent advance. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 22(1), 15-24.