你對於某個品牌的汽車情有獨鍾嗎?吸引你的是因為他擁有強大馬力?低耗油?還是它外觀看來超酷呢?或許多數人會認為,車是買來開的,當然是考慮到它的功能啊,好開又安全才是重點。然而來自舊金山州立大學(San Francisco State University)一項研究指出:品牌忠誠度以及對於品牌的喜愛是受到「外觀」所影響,「性能」甚至是「價錢」的影響力並不大。
舉例來說,A 是一款品質好、價錢昂貴的相機,B 是品質較差,但較便宜的相機。光這樣看可能很難比較與選擇。但假設如下圖所示,加入第三個選項 C1,雖然品質差不多,但顯然比 A 貴。這時要選擇 A 或是 C1 就變得很明確了。三者中選擇 A 的占大多數,這似乎非常合理。但假設加入的第三個選項是價錢跟 B 差不多,但品質較差的 C2,那大家又會如何選擇?這種情況當然會選擇 B。換句話說,即使選項 A 和 B 都沒有改變,只要加入一個不同的選項,就能夠有效逆轉對 A 和 B 的偏好。更奇怪的是,決策者永遠都不會選擇引起偏好逆轉的第三個選項。
此外,聽損與否也可能會影響一個人大腦的結構與功能。美國約翰霍普金斯大學的研究人員 [10],利用「巴的摩爾老化長期研究(Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging)」的資料,針對聽損與腦容量的關係進行了一項有趣的研究,他們分析了一群受試者在逐漸老化時,其腦容量的變化。受試者在研究之初,做了聽力評估,接著接受為期長達十年、每年一次的核磁共振檢查。結果顯示,研究開始時就患有聽損的受試者,相較於聽常者,其大腦有較大幅度的萎縮,平均以每年一立方釐米以上的速度流失大腦組織,而這些大腦組織恰好與輕度認知功能退化和早期失智症所表現出的記憶衰退的行為有關 [11]。
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