為了解決這個問題,需要一種關鍵材料,導熱介面材料(TIM,Thermal Interface Material)。它的任務就是填補這些縫隙,讓熱可以更加順暢傳遞出去。可以把TIM想像成散熱高速公路的「匝道」,即使主線有再多車道,如果匝道堵住了,車流還是無法順利進入高速公路。同樣地,如果 TIM 的導熱效果不好,熱量就會卡在晶片與散熱片之間,導致散熱效率下降。
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那麼,要怎麼提升 TIM 的效能呢?很直覺的做法是增加導熱金屬粉的比例。目前最常見且穩定的選擇是氧化鋅或氧化鋁,若要更高效的散熱材料,則有氮化鋁、六方氮化硼、立方氮化硼等更高級的選項。
典型的 TIM 是由兩個成分組成:高導熱粉末(如金屬或陶瓷粉末)與聚合物基質。大部分散熱膏的特點是流動性好,盡可能地貼合表面、填補縫隙。但也因為太「軟」了,受熱受力後容易向外「溢流」。或是造成基質和熱源過分接觸,高分子在高溫下發生熱裂解。這也是為什麼有些導熱膏使用一段時間後,會出現乾裂或表面變硬。
[1] Rugo HS, Layman RM, Lynce F, Liu X, Li B, McRoy L, Cohen AB, Estevez M, Curigliano G, Brufsky A. Comparative overall survival of CDK4/6 inhibitors plus an aromatase inhibitor in HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer in the US real-world setting. ESMO Open. 2025 Jan;10(1):104103. doi: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.104103. Epub 2025 Jan 3. PMID: 39754979; PMCID: PMC11758200.
雖然音樂能喚起自傳式記憶,但是並不是所有一生中的記憶都容易被提取,心理學家發現,人類在10至30歲這段時間,會形成最為鮮明且最多的回憶,這一現象被稱為「記憶高峰」(reminiscence bump;Rubin et al., 1998)。這段時期是個體發展的關鍵階段,充滿了各種首次經歷,如初戀、第一次獨立生活、首次參加演唱會等等,這些重要的生活經歷通常會深刻地編碼進我們的大腦,並且成為未來回憶的核心。
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