在「重返人類演化現場」一書中,另外提到人由四足行走改為用兩腿站立後,身體的構造也起了很多的變化,包括第二性徵變得更明顯,而相對來說可以在其他靈長類看到的發情信號(紅通通的臀部皮膚),則因為直立後轉而朝下方變得不容易觀察,於是慢慢的消失等等,所有這些種種常常讓筆者想到,很多事情都是連鎖效應,one thing leads to another,演化上如此,而許多其他的事情(如公共政策的制訂)不也是這樣嗎?
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透過遺傳學研究過往,最令人驚奇的應用途徑是粒線體 DNA 。粒線體 DNA 是基因組中非常微小的一部分(大約只有二十萬分之一),透過母親、女兒和孫女等母系親屬代代相傳。一九八七年,艾倫.威爾森(Allan Wilson)等人採集世界各地多個人種的粒線體 DNA ,定序出數百個字母。他們比較這些序列之間的突變差異,建構母系親屬系統樹。