此外,2014年,研究團隊就曾發表自閉症致病機制的相關論文,這個研究證實,自閉症的其中一個致病基因 T-brain-1 (簡稱TBR1)的缺失,會讓大腦喪失一種名為「後段前連合」(posterior part of anterior commissure,負責聯絡兩個大腦半球的杏仁核)的特定結構,導致訊息無法正確傳送,由於杏仁核掌管大腦社交活動、情緒反應等功能,具有 TBR1缺失的小鼠,在行為上也出現缺陷。影響自閉症的基因非常多,連帶增加後續治療的困難度,了解致病原因後,也較能對症下藥。
許多科學家指出,阿茲海默症患者在早期通常會表現出兩種顯著的特徵。首先,患者大腦中的某些區域,會減少對葡萄糖的吸收和代謝,因此有人將阿茲海默症稱為「大腦糖尿病」或「第三型糖尿病」。其次,大腦神經元內的能量工廠粒線體,不論是數量或功能都出現下滑,導致 ATP 產量減少。這兩項特徵都顯示生存開關可能涉入其中。
生存開關活化導致特定腦區的功能受到短期抑制,一開始的確能帶來生存優勢,但如果是反覆或慢性的刺激,反而可能導致腦部損傷。這些重要的神經元長期得不到足夠的葡萄糖,最終可能因為營養不良而功能受損。而且果糖代謝會對粒線體造成氧化壓力,使得 ATP 產量減少,更使狀況進一步惡化。一旦 ATP 濃度過低,神經元會死亡,最後的結果就是阿茲海默症。依此觀點來看,阿茲海默症患者大腦的後續變化,例如澱粉樣蛋白和濤蛋白的積累,都是次要的,而阿茲海默症的根本原因,主要是生存開關慢性活化。
此外,聽損與否也可能會影響一個人大腦的結構與功能。美國約翰霍普金斯大學的研究人員 [10],利用「巴的摩爾老化長期研究(Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging)」的資料,針對聽損與腦容量的關係進行了一項有趣的研究,他們分析了一群受試者在逐漸老化時,其腦容量的變化。受試者在研究之初,做了聽力評估,接著接受為期長達十年、每年一次的核磁共振檢查。結果顯示,研究開始時就患有聽損的受試者,相較於聽常者,其大腦有較大幅度的萎縮,平均以每年一立方釐米以上的速度流失大腦組織,而這些大腦組織恰好與輕度認知功能退化和早期失智症所表現出的記憶衰退的行為有關 [11]。
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