這次要介紹的研究是探討集體主義/個人主義如何影響我們的消費行為,特別是在購買一堆東西,而非一樣東西的時候。在第一個實驗中採用是比較安格拉裔(我們一般認定的白人)和拉丁裔的實驗參與者,在購買手機及其配件時,是否會有不同的購買偏好。過去的研究顯示拉丁裔的個體較屬於集體主義,而安格拉裔較屬於個人主義。在實驗一開始他們會請實驗參與者針對手機及三個相關配件去選擇自己的顏色偏好(紅、藍、黑或白),針對每個項目他們可以選擇不同的顏色。在選擇完之後,他們會被告知,有一項東西已經沒有貨了,那他們會選擇:1)只買那些有貨的產品;2)重新選擇;3)不購買。結果顯示,拉丁裔的實驗參與者在被告知有一項東西已經沒有貨時有較低的比率(49% vs. 71%)會選擇只購買那些有貨的產品,顯示集體主義有可能會影響消費的行為。
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影集《年輕教宗》(The Young Pope)裡,裘德洛飾演的庇護十三世曾經開示:「愛無法用人數統計,只能以強度衡量。」[1][註]2023年元月的《科學報告》(Scientific Reports)期刊上,來自全球45個國家的學者,向世人宣告:他們不僅量化了愛情強度,還比較出各地差異。[2]
參與的國家及城市
該論文的第一兼通訊作者 Piotr Sorokowski 博士,任職於波蘭的弗羅茨瓦夫大學(Uniwersytet Wrocławski);而團隊的研究人員橫跨各洲,從所在地的幾個大城市,招募總共 11,422 名交往中、訂婚或已婚成人,匯集統整其中 9,474 人的資料。【圖 1】橙色圓點標出受測者居住的城市,藍色的區域則為涵蓋的國家,臺灣不在其中。[2]
參與研究的國家(藍色)與城市(橙色)。圖1/參考資料2,Figure 3(CC BY 4.0)
量化愛情
參與研究的美國心理學教授Robert J. Sternberg,曾指出愛情是由親密(intimacy)、激情(passion)和承諾(decision/commitment)所組成,即「愛情三元論」(Triangular Theory of Love)。[2, 3]相關的量表羅列了對應的陳述,例如:表示親密的「我與__分享我個人極為私密的資訊」;透露激情的「看到__令我興奮」;以及展現承諾的「我對和__關係的穩定性有自信」。受測者得從「0 完全沒有」至「9 非常強烈」中,選擇評分。除了該理論符合此研究的目的,因此問卷獲得採用,分析時也加入其他項目:[2]
同時,為認識現代化與社會類型之於愛情的關係,每個國家的人類發展指數(Human Development Index)、性別不平等指數(Gender Inequality Index)、集體主義(collectivism)的程度,以及綜合世界銀行之世界發展指標(World Development Indicators)與聯合國統計年鑑(Statistical Yearbook)的世界現代化指數(World Modernization Index)等,都納入考量。[2]
《年輕教宗》原臺詞,含前後文:「The public squares have been jam-packed, but the hearts have been emptied of God. You can’t measure love with numbers, you can only measure it in terms of intensity. In terms of blind loyalty to the imperative.」。[1]