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研究顯示,比起看電腦螢幕學習,手寫不僅能增強書寫功能區的神經元活動,也會增進初級運動皮質區、影像視覺化區、語言中樞區、閱讀寫作區和海馬迴的神經元活動(Umejima et al., 2021)。也就是說,手寫對於大腦功能區的活化非常全面。從負責記憶和導航的海馬迴到閱讀與寫作功能區,這些都在手寫的當下被活化。因此對大腦而言,手寫可不簡單。從空間動作、記憶回顧、語言反饋、閱讀理解到寫作輸出,都能藉由手寫這個看似簡單的動作得到強化與深化。也因此手寫對於學習的幫助比起使用電子產品更全面。
手寫會活化大腦皮質的多個功能區。圖/參考資料2
雖然上兩篇提到的研究對象都是成年人,不過研究人員認為,手寫對於孩童的學習應該也有幫助。而根據 2017 年發表在 Current Directions in Psychological Science 上的研究顯示(James et al., 2017),未識字的孩童在手寫學習字母的過程中,大腦中的閱讀與寫作功能區也會活化。雖然該研究並未測試孩童在手寫後的閱讀與寫作能力是否提升,但仍顯示手寫對於孩童學習過程的重要性。
在手寫的同時,孩童大腦中的閱讀與寫作功能區也會同時活化。圖 / 參考資料 4
「家長和教育工作者的問題是,為什麼我們的孩子要花時間練習手寫?如果你練習手寫,你會成為一個更好的手寫者,但既然現代人們手寫的機會少了,那麼還有必要進行嗎?這個提問背後的真正問題是:手寫對於孩子有好處嗎?我們發現答案是肯定的,手寫能增進孩子們的拼寫、閱讀和理解能力。」該研究的高級作者、約翰霍普金斯大學的認知科學家 Brenda Rapp 如此說道。
Wiley RW, Rapp B. The Effects of Handwriting Experience on Literacy Learning. Psychol Sci. 2021 Jun 29:956797621993111.
Umejima K, Ibaraki T, Yamazaki T, Sakai KL. Paper Notebooks vs. Mobile Devices: Brain Activation Differences During Memory Retrieval. Front Behav Neurosci. 2021 Mar 19;15:634158.
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