來自馬來西亞,畢業於台灣國立清華大學生命科學系學士暨碩士班,以及美國加州大學戴維斯分校(University of California at Davis)遺傳學博士班,從事果蠅演化遺傳學研究。曾於台灣中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心擔任博士後研究員,現任教於國立清華大學分子與細胞生物學研究所,從事鳥類的演化遺傳學、基因體學及演化發育生物學研究。過去曾長期擔任中文科學新聞網站「科景」(Sciscape.org)總編輯,現任台大科教中心CASE特約寫手、Readmoo部落格【GENE思書軒】、關鍵評論網專欄作家;個人部落格:The Sky of Gene;臉書粉絲頁:GENE思書齋。
聽理解力對閱讀的影響也可從「默讀」(subvocalization or silent reading)的觀點來談。所謂「默讀」指的是在閱讀時,心中將文字唸出聲音,這是典型聽力者閱讀時的自然過程,它有助於大腦理解與記憶所讀過的內容,從而能夠減少認知負荷,並將剩餘的認知資源用在高層次的語言理解[14]。
這些透過顏色編碼的 3D 大腦地圖顯示了大腦在聽聆聽(頂部)和閱讀(底部)同一篇故事時,語意處理的過程基本相同。圖/Fatma Deniz University of California, Berkeley
一群加州大學柏克萊分校的腦神經學家 Deniz 等人[15],在《神經科學雜誌》(Journal of Neuroscience)上,發表了一篇有關大腦處理聽力與閱讀的論文,他們利用功能性磁振造影(Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI)技術,記錄一群成人受試者在閱讀和聆聽同一篇故事時,大腦活動的狀況,並根據結果繪製3D大腦互動式地圖(interactive map ,這個網頁可以讓你體驗 3D 大腦互動式地圖)。
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Adlof, S. M., Catts, H. W., & Little, T. D. (2006). Should the simple view of reading include a fluency component?. Reading and Writing, 19(9), 933-958.
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Deniz, F., Nunez-Elizalde, A. O., Huth, A. G., & Gallant, J. L. (2019). The representation of semantic information across human cerebral cortex during listening versus reading is invariant to stimulus modality. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(39), 7722-7736.
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失聰也可能造成幻覺,通常是音樂,偶爾也會出現鳥鳴、鈴聲、割草機等其他聲音。音樂的幻覺跟幻視不一樣,音樂幻覺通常很真實,細節可能十分詳細,每個音符、每種樂器都聽得清清楚楚,雖然有時只是幾小節不斷反覆。奧立佛.薩克斯提到,有位患者在她先生計時下的十分鐘內聽到《齊來,宗主信徒》(O Come, All Ye Faithful)十九次半。還有位患者是小提琴手,在演奏音樂的當下聽到另一段音樂。不過,這些幻覺很少重播過去的情節,而是重複知名且很可能常聽到的內容。
類似的觀點請參考哲學家 Eric Schwitzgebel 寫的書: Perplexities of Consciousness. Daniel Dennett 的 Sweet Dreams: Philosophical Obstacles to a Science of Consciousness 有討論 umami。
Nakayama, K. (1985) Biological image processing: a review. Vision Research, 25, 625-660。