目前人類的能量來源主要仍是石油、煤炭、天然氣;除此之外還有傳統生質能、水力發電、以及核能。在數十年內,風力發電、太陽能、生質能會慢慢取代化石燃料,而核融合技術很可能帶領人類走向 I 型文明。
當人類開始進行太空殖民、並且能妥善運用母恆星(太陽)所供應的能量後,才會慢慢朝向 II 型文明發展;而在 I 型或者 II 型文明階段,另一個能催動科技進展的很可能就是反物質(antimatter)的製造與普及。加來道雄認為,我們有機會在本世紀末或是兩百年內躍升成為 I 型文明;到達 II 型文明需要數千年;至於到達可以隨心所欲駕馭時空的 III 型文明,可能還需要數十萬至百萬年。
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科學研究者,1999年生於台北,目前於美國佛羅里達大學(University of Florida)攻讀物理學博士,並於費米國家實驗室(Fermilab)從事高能物理相關研究。2022年於美國羅格斯大學(Rutgers University)取得物理學學士學位,當前則致力於學術研究、以及科學知識的傳播發展。 同時也是網路作家、《隨筆天下》網誌創辦人,筆名辰風,業餘發表網誌文章,從事詩詞、小說、以及音樂創作。
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