裸蓋菇素的研究引起了美國中央情報局 CIA 的注意,不過不是因為什麼違法亂紀的問題,而是他們⋯⋯也想「瞭解更多」!1950年代 CIA 有項名為 MK-Ultra 2 的精神控制計畫,希望找到一些可以作為吐真劑、審訊和行為操縱工具的潛力藥物。他們的實驗藥物包括裸蓋菇素、迷幻藥 LSD、嗎啡、海洛因、一種萃取自仙人掌的致幻劑麥斯卡林等,並在監獄、醫院、學校,甚至從巧立名目的慈善基金會裡招募試驗對象。3
Single-dose psilocybin for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case report – PMC (nih.gov)↩︎
Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial – eClinicalMedicine (thelancet.com)↩︎
Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial | Substance Use and Addiction Medicine | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network↩︎
Long-term Follow-up of Psilocybin-facilitated Smoking Cessation – PMC (nih.gov)↩︎
Frontiers | Persisting Reductions in Cannabis, Opioid, and Stimulant Misuse After Naturalistic Psychedelic Use: An Online Survey (frontiersin.org)↩︎
數學科普作家葛登能最不遺餘力探索數學和這些遊戲之間的密切關係。他寫了很多極有吸引力的書,也在《科學美國人》撰寫專欄,而這些都是會讓高中生或大學生感到很刺激的課外讀物(前提是有人指定他們去讀的話)。此外,數學家喬治.波利亞(George Polya)的《怎樣解題》(How to Solve It)和《數學與合情判讀》(Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning),或許也屬於這一類。有一本帶有這些人的文風、但屬於較初階的有趣好書,是瑪瑞琳.伯恩斯(Marilyn Burns)所寫的《我恨數學》(The I Hate Mathematics! Book),書裡有很多啟發性的提示,帶領讀者解題與發想各種奇思異想,是小學數學課本裡罕見的內容。
可能有人說過,因為所受訓練之故,數學家有一種特殊的幽默感。他們往往會接受字面意義,但字面上的解讀又常和標準用法的意義不同,因此很好笑。比方說,哪種運動比賽時要蓋臉?答案是,冰上曲棍球以及痲瘋病人拳擊(按:原文「Which two sports have face-offs」,「face-off」其中一個字面意義為「蓋臉」,而這也是冰上曲棍球常用的術語,意指「爭奪球權」)。他們也很沉溺於歸謬法(reductio ad absurdum),或設定極端前提條件然後做邏輯演練,以及各式各樣的字組遊戲。
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Borjigin, J., Lee, U. C., Liu, T., Pal, D., Huff, S., Klarr, D., et al. (2013). Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in the dying brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 14432–14437. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308285110
Vicente R, Rizzuto M, Sarica C, Yamamoto K, Sadr M, Khajuria T, Fatehi M, Moien-Afshari F, Haw CS, Llinas RR, Lozano AM, Neimat JS and Zemmar A (2022) Enhanced Interplay of Neuronal Coherence and Coupling in the Dying Human Brain. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14:813531. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.813531
Xu G, Mihaylova T, Li D, Tian F, Farrehi PM, Parent JM, Mashour GA, Wang MM, Borjigin J. Surge of neurophysiological coupling and connectivity of gamma oscillations in the dying human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 May 9;120(19):e2216268120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2216268120.