此外,聽損與否也可能會影響一個人大腦的結構與功能。美國約翰霍普金斯大學的研究人員 [10],利用「巴的摩爾老化長期研究(Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging)」的資料,針對聽損與腦容量的關係進行了一項有趣的研究,他們分析了一群受試者在逐漸老化時,其腦容量的變化。受試者在研究之初,做了聽力評估,接著接受為期長達十年、每年一次的核磁共振檢查。結果顯示,研究開始時就患有聽損的受試者,相較於聽常者,其大腦有較大幅度的萎縮,平均以每年一立方釐米以上的速度流失大腦組織,而這些大腦組織恰好與輕度認知功能退化和早期失智症所表現出的記憶衰退的行為有關 [11]。
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Mishra, S., Stenfelt, S., Lunner, T., Rönnberg, J., & Rudner, M. (2014). Cognitive spare capacity in older adults with hearing loss. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 96.
Mishra, S., Lunner, T., Stenfelt, S., Rönnberg, J., & Rudnera, M. (2013). Visual Information Can Hinder Working Memory Processing of Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56, 1120-1132.
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Lin, F. R., Ferrucci, L., An, Y., Goh, J. O., Doshi, J., Metter, E. J., … & Resnick, S. M. (2014). Association of hearing impairment with brain volume changes in older adults. Neuroimage, 90, 84-92.
Liu, J., Zhang, X., Yu, C., Duan, Y., Zhuo, J., Cui, Y., … & Liu, Y. (2016). Impaired parahippocampus connectivity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 49(4), 1051-1064.
Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013). Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), 5797-5801.
Maharani, A., Pendleton, N., & Leroi, I. (2019). Hearing impairment, loneliness, social isolation, and cognitive function: Longitudinal analysis using English longitudinal study on ageing. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(12), 1348-1356.
Lin, F. R., Metter, E. J., O’Brien, R. J., Resnick, S. M., Zonderman, A. B., & Ferrucci, L. (2011). Hearing loss and incident dementia. Archives of Neurology, 68(2), 214-220.
Paciello, F., Pisani, A., Rinaudo, M., Cocco, S., Paludetti, G., Fetoni, A. R., & Grassi, C. (2023). Noise-induced auditory damage affects hippocampus causing memory deficits in a model of early age-related hearing loss. Neurobiology of Disease, 178, 106024.
動物的視覺敏銳度以單位視角週期數(cycles per degree)為測量單位——這個概念剛好可以用剛剛的斑馬條紋來做例子。各位伸出手臂並豎起大拇指,你的指甲大約可以代表一單位視角;以你的手臂為距並涵蓋四周三百六十度的距離範圍來說,各位應該可以在指甲上畫了六十至七十條黑白條紋的情況下,依然辨識得出黑白條紋之間的區別。因此人類視覺敏銳度的單位視角週期數便約為六十至七十;目前的最高紀錄是來自澳洲的楔尾鵰(Aquila audax),牠們的視覺敏銳度之高,單位視角週期數高達一百三十八。
為了回答莫里內的問題,史翠麗找來了二十四位出生不到五天的小嬰兒,她想知道,小嬰兒在僅透過觸覺感受過某物體的形狀後,能不能改用視覺辨識出同一個形狀的物體。她在實驗中,讓小嬰兒用右手抓握物體(並確保小嬰兒看不到該物體),其中有些小嬰兒抓握的是一個三角形的物體,另一些小嬰兒則是抓握一個圓柱形的物體。在抓握物體後,小嬰兒的眼前會出現兩個物體(一個三角形物體和一個圓柱形物體;其中一個是剛剛抓握過的物體,另一個是不曾抓握過的物體)。結果發現,小嬰兒對於不曾抓握過的物體,會有較久的凝視時間(Streri and Gentaz, 2003)。