關於綠建築的標準,讓我們先回到 1990 年,當時英國建築研究機構(BRE)首次發布有關「建築研究發展環境評估工具(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,BREEAM®)」,是世界上第一個建築永續評估方法。美國則在綠建築委員會成立後,於 1998 年推出「能源與環境設計領導認證」(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED)這套評估系統,加速推動了全球綠建築行動。
自從互聯網(Internet)及一種可用寬頻連線進行語音通話的互聯網協定語音(voice over internet protocol, VoIP)出現後,網路語音(VoIP)電話開始慢慢侵食傳統的家庭電話。不像電視機及燈泡,事實上傳統的家庭固定電話是有其優點,如不受斷電及不穩定網路的影響等,但因網路語音電話成本較低及較高彈性,美國聯邦通訊委員早在 2022 年 8 月就宣布不再要求美國電信公司提供銅線固定電話服務,因此相信傳統的電話系統不久將在美國消失了2。
同樣的,讓女性或少數族群擔綱過往由男性把持的英雄角色,也是在提供觀眾一種新的角色模板。例如哈利波特裡最聰明、能力最強的並不是被預言選上唯一能與佛地魔對抗的哈利,而是麻瓜出身的妙麗。先不討論作者 JK 羅琳近年與 LGBTQ 族群起的爭議,在 21 世紀初期,那位願意一拳揍上馬份鼻子、永遠是第一個想出困境解法的年輕女巫可是西方女性培力的代言人,成為許多年輕女孩嚮往與效仿的對象。
或許不是每部影視作品都能像哈利波特或迪士尼形塑一整個世代的社會風氣,又或者像人選之人這樣啟發前所未有的 Me Too 運動,但他們多少反映了我們現在身處的環境,同時為他的改變與延續做出一點貢獻。從這個角度去想,你會發現政治正確並不是現在才有的現象,而是從古至今一直都有的創作取向。而之所以「政治正確」會在現代引起如此大的爭議,其實還得歸功我們成功打破了刻板印象,以致於大家都有了「正確答案不只一種」的認知,這才會對與自身想法不同的答案表達質疑,不是嗎?
對了,你最近看過的戲劇作品中,哪些作品的性別呈現最深得你心呢?歡迎跟我們分享吧!我先說,我自己最愛的是《八尺門的辯護人》裡的 Leena 跟陳令秋,那你呢?
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