還有一組由河岡義裕(Yoshihiro Kawaoka)主持的禽流感研究團隊,今年五月也發表了相關的研究在《自然》(Nature)。去年十一月,《自然》和《科學》兩本期刊出版社都被美國國家生物安全委員會(National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, NSABB)要求修改研究中敏感的細節,委員會認為相關技術資訊會被恐怖分子應用於發展生化武器。
期刊出版社和研究團隊也曾苦思該如何編修內容,讓研究細節只在「好人科學家」社群間流傳。
當然不可能辦到,費奇說:「你無法在學術領域和這麼多人分享資訊卻又保持機密。」《科學》的主編艾柏特博士(Bruce Alberts)認為,發表在兩期刊的研究報告,比起淪為恐怖分子的不當使用,更能有效讓需要這些資訊的正派科學家們使用,可說是一把「雙面刃」(Dual Use Research of Concern, DURC)。
第二擊,癌細胞死掉後散落出大量抗原和分子訊號,會吸引免疫系統的注意,將樹突細胞、T 細胞等多種免疫細胞從身體各處召喚過來。還有,病毒一進到人體,很短時間內樹突細胞就會辨識出病毒,接著釋放第一型干擾素。第一型干擾素是一種能刺激免疫系統的細胞激素,經過一連串下游反應,可以直接造成腫瘤損傷。同時,第一型干擾素也會促使 T 細胞聚集到腫瘤所在地,一起圍剿癌細胞。
Terry, Luther, and S. Woodruff. “Smoking and health: report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the United States.” U-23 Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Washington DC: Public Health Service Publication 1103 (1964).
Zaidan, George. Ingredients: The Strange Chemistry of What We Put in Us and on Us. 1st ed., Dutton, 2020.
K. Michael Cummings, Anthony Brown, Richard O’Connor; The Cigarette Controversy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1 June 2007; 16 (6): 1070–1076. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0912.
Schrek R, Baker LA, Ballard GP, Dolgoff S. Tobacco smoking as an etiologic factor in disease. I. Cancer. Cancer Res 1950;10:49–58.
Wynder EL, Graham EA. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchogenic carcinoma. JAMA 1950;143:329–336.
Levin ML, Goldstein H, Gerhardt PR. Cancer and tobacco smoking. JAMA 1950;143:336–8.
Wynder EL, Grahmam EA, Croninger AB. Experimental product of carcinoma with cigarette tar. Cancer Res 1953;13:855–4.
Hammond EC, Horn D. The relationship between human smoking habits and death rates: a follow-up study of 187,766 men. JAMA 1954;155:1316–28.
Stephen S. Hecht, Tobacco Smoke Carcinogens and Lung Cancer, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 91, Issue 14, 21 July 1999, Pages 1194–1210, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2486.
Xue J, Yang S, Seng S. Mechanisms of Cancer Induction by Tobacco-Specific NNK and NNN. Cancers (Basel). 2014 May 14;6(2):1138-56. doi: 10.3390/cancers6021138. PMID: 24830349; PMCID: PMC4074821.
Gao W, Jin J, Yin J, Land S, Gaither-Davis A, Christie N, Luketich JD, Siegfried JM, Keohavong P. KRAS and TP53 mutations in bronchoscopy samples from former lung cancer patients. Mol Carcinog. 2017 Feb;56(2):381-388. doi: 10.1002/mc.22501. Epub 2016 Jun 6. PMID: 27182622.
Proctor RN. Angel H Roffo: the forgotten father of experimental tobacco carcinogenesis. Bull World Health Organ. 2006 Jun;84(6):494-6. doi: 10.2471/blt.06.031682. Epub 2006 Jun 21. PMID: 16799735; PMCID: PMC2627373.