裸蓋菇素的研究引起了美國中央情報局 CIA 的注意,不過不是因為什麼違法亂紀的問題,而是他們⋯⋯也想「瞭解更多」!1950年代 CIA 有項名為 MK-Ultra 2 的精神控制計畫,希望找到一些可以作為吐真劑、審訊和行為操縱工具的潛力藥物。他們的實驗藥物包括裸蓋菇素、迷幻藥 LSD、嗎啡、海洛因、一種萃取自仙人掌的致幻劑麥斯卡林等,並在監獄、醫院、學校,甚至從巧立名目的慈善基金會裡招募試驗對象。3
Single-dose psilocybin for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case report – PMC (nih.gov)↩︎
Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial – eClinicalMedicine (thelancet.com)↩︎
Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial | Substance Use and Addiction Medicine | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network↩︎
Long-term Follow-up of Psilocybin-facilitated Smoking Cessation – PMC (nih.gov)↩︎
Frontiers | Persisting Reductions in Cannabis, Opioid, and Stimulant Misuse After Naturalistic Psychedelic Use: An Online Survey (frontiersin.org)↩︎
此外,聽損與否也可能會影響一個人大腦的結構與功能。美國約翰霍普金斯大學的研究人員 [10],利用「巴的摩爾老化長期研究(Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging)」的資料,針對聽損與腦容量的關係進行了一項有趣的研究,他們分析了一群受試者在逐漸老化時,其腦容量的變化。受試者在研究之初,做了聽力評估,接著接受為期長達十年、每年一次的核磁共振檢查。結果顯示,研究開始時就患有聽損的受試者,相較於聽常者,其大腦有較大幅度的萎縮,平均以每年一立方釐米以上的速度流失大腦組織,而這些大腦組織恰好與輕度認知功能退化和早期失智症所表現出的記憶衰退的行為有關 [11]。
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., … & Mukadam, N. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413-446.
Lin, F. R., Metter, E. J., O’Brien, R. J., Resnick, S. M., Zonderman, A. B., & Ferrucci, L. (2011). Hearing loss and incident dementia. Archives of Neurology, 68(2), 214-220.
Fulton, S. E., Lister, J. J., Bush, A. L. H., Edwards, J. D., & Andel, R. (2015, August). Mechanisms of the hearing–cognition relationship. In Seminars in Hearing (Vol. 36, No. 03, pp. 140-149). Thieme Medical Publishers.
Mishra, S., Stenfelt, S., Lunner, T., Rönnberg, J., & Rudner, M. (2014). Cognitive spare capacity in older adults with hearing loss. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 96.
Mishra, S., Lunner, T., Stenfelt, S., Rönnberg, J., & Rudnera, M. (2013). Visual Information Can Hinder Working Memory Processing of Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56, 1120-1132.
Glick, H. A., & Sharma, A. (2020). Cortical neuroplasticity and cognitive function in early-stage, mild-moderate hearing loss: evidence of neurocognitive benefit from hearing aid use. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 93.
Lin, F. R., Ferrucci, L., An, Y., Goh, J. O., Doshi, J., Metter, E. J., … & Resnick, S. M. (2014). Association of hearing impairment with brain volume changes in older adults. Neuroimage, 90, 84-92.
Liu, J., Zhang, X., Yu, C., Duan, Y., Zhuo, J., Cui, Y., … & Liu, Y. (2016). Impaired parahippocampus connectivity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 49(4), 1051-1064.
Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013). Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), 5797-5801.
Maharani, A., Pendleton, N., & Leroi, I. (2019). Hearing impairment, loneliness, social isolation, and cognitive function: Longitudinal analysis using English longitudinal study on ageing. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(12), 1348-1356.
Lin, F. R., Metter, E. J., O’Brien, R. J., Resnick, S. M., Zonderman, A. B., & Ferrucci, L. (2011). Hearing loss and incident dementia. Archives of Neurology, 68(2), 214-220.
Paciello, F., Pisani, A., Rinaudo, M., Cocco, S., Paludetti, G., Fetoni, A. R., & Grassi, C. (2023). Noise-induced auditory damage affects hippocampus causing memory deficits in a model of early age-related hearing loss. Neurobiology of Disease, 178, 106024.
創傷後壓力症候群 PTSD 被發現以前,已遭受精神創傷的士兵們可能需要面對社會歧視所造成的二次傷害。當時由於對彈震症的成因了解極少,有士兵因此被指控逃兵以及懦弱被送上軍事法庭,甚至因此被處決。越戰後雖然試圖重新融入社區的遭受創傷的退伍軍人數量相當驚人,但他們既無法獲得適當的治療,也無法從退伍軍人管理局獲得殘疾撫卹金,導致美國產生極大的家庭以及社會問題,也催生許多描述退伍士兵因戰爭創傷導致無法正常回歸社會的經典影視作品,如電影《越戰獵鹿人 The Deer Hunter 》(1978),以及《第一滴血 First Blood 》(1982)。