比方說,之前講到黎凡特與北非,有墓葬、有個人裝飾物、足證當時此處的居民已經產生抽象思維;但這些非洲北部沿岸的早期現代人遺址,之後卻出現明顯的斷層。沒人知道當地人是滅亡了,是搬走了,還是又融入南方的族群[13]。尤其是他們跟後來離開非洲,也就是我們祖先的那批人,完全不知道之間有何關係;在 DNA 以外,這群「行為上的現代人」,又有把行為傳承下去嗎?
攜帶遺傳基因傳承下去的同一族群,前人與後裔在行為上不必然也有延續;而即使兩個族群在 DNA 上沒有交流,卻仍有機會傳播物質文化,影響現代行為的演變。在同一個地點,不同年代間若是歷經斷層,像是黎凡特,前後之間是否延續?不同地點中,於年代相近時類似的行為表現,比方說各地都有的貝珠,之間又有交流嗎?這些問題都不容易回答。
d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., Barton, N., Bouzouggar, A., Mienis, H., Richter, D., … & Lozouet, P. (2009). Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(38), 16051-16056.
d’Errico, F., & Stringer, C. B. (2011). Evolution, revolution or saltation scenario for the emergence of modern cultures?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 366(1567), 1060-1069.
Wurz, S. (2012). The transition to modern behavior. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 15.
d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Vanhaeren, M., & Van Niekerk, K. (2005). Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of human evolution, 48(1), 3-24.
Mourre, V., Villa, P., & Henshilwood, C. S. (2010). Early use of pressure flaking on lithic artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa. science, 330(6004), 659-662.
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., & Watts, I. (2009). Engraved ochres from the middle stone age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Journal of human evolution, 57(1), 27-47.
Backwell, L., d’Errico, F., & Wadley, L. (2008). Middle stone age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(6), 1566-1580.
Wadley, L., Sievers, C., Bamford, M., Goldberg, P., Berna, F., & Miller, C. (2011). Middle Stone Age bedding construction and settlement patterns at Sibudu, South Africa. Science, 334(6061), 1388-1391.
d’Errico, F., Backwell, L. R., & Wadley, L. (2012). Identifying regional variability in Middle Stone Age bone technology: the case of Sibudu Cave. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(7), 2479-2495.
Monnier, G. (2012) Neanderthal Behavior. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):11
Roebroeks, W., & Soressi, M. (2016). Neandertals revised. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201521269.
Radovčić, D., Sršen, A. O., Radovčić, J., & Frayer, D. W. (2015). Evidence for Neandertal jewelry: modified white-tailed eagle claws at Krapina. PloS one, 10(3), e0119802.
Jaubert, J., Verheyden, S., Genty, D., Soulier, M., Cheng, H., Blamart, D., … & Edwards, R. L. (2016). Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France. Nature, 534(7605), 111-114.
View Comments