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巴比妥酸最早由 1905 年的諾貝爾獎得主,化學家阿道夫.馮.拜爾(Adolf von Baeyer)在 1864 年合成,那時他正在研究尿酸的衍生物合成反應。不過單純的巴比妥酸無法作為藥物使用,一直到 1903 年,德國化學家,同時也是諾獎得主的埃米爾・費舍爾(Joseph von Mering)和他的同事約瑟夫・馮・梅林格(Joseph von Mering)成功製成了第一種巴比妥鹽類藥物,名為苯巴比妥(phenobarbital)。