Source:Morse, K. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2004). How do holidays influence relationship processes and outcomes? Examining the instigating and catalytic effects of Valentine’s Day. Personal Relationships, 11(4), 509-527.
分手是共同提出的,畢竟繼續待在這段關係裡,兩個人都不快樂。另外,Charles T. Hill多年前調查了103對婚前分手的情侶[6],發現雖然女性總是比較敏於發現關係問題與提分手的人,但男人提分手比女人提分手更容易維繫PDF,或許不是因為男人愛面子,而是因為被甩的男人不太會因應「被拒絕」的感覺。
還對彼此有感覺的情侶。因為對他們來說,當朋友只是一種退守,其實兩人都想著有一天能夠重然舊愛。Stephen P. Banks與他的夥伴調查310個人的分手經驗[7],發現還相互吸引的人與使用「退而求其次」(de-escalation tactics)策略的人(我想要一個人安靜一陣子、一段時間之後我們再看看適不適合、我們都該對自己誠實……)比較可能繼續PDF。而嘗試去辯證(Justification)這場分手(我覺得我變了,在這段關係裡我並不快樂、沒有成長)、逃避躲藏不見面的(Avoidance)人比較難繼續PDF。當然,如果變成好友萬萬睡(Friends With Benefits,FWB)或是溜溜球式戀愛(On-Again/Off-Again Dating Relationships)[8-10],那又是另一回事了。
當我重新去看這些分手的文獻,我終於發現那年七夕,她說的那句「我還是很在意你」,或許只是一種安撫。這是Stephen P. Banks研究中的「肯定」技巧(Positive Tone)。那些「我很對不起你」、「我真的很在乎」與「或許有一天我會後悔吧」,都只是一種感受的傳達,至於能不能再當朋友,跟這些話本身根本沒有關係[7]。
Morse的研究是這樣做的,他跟受試者說,他們想記錄一年當中情侶感情的變化,而在二、四、九、十月是最容易變化的轉捩點,所以才會在不同的時間點請他們來參加實驗,這樣做是希望二月參加的受試者不要覺得他們很「特別」而產生受試者期望效應。追蹤一年之後,也就是在下一年的情人節以及其他四、九、十月(他們平均在一起18個月,與過去我們在台灣做的研究平均值相仿),發現二月在一起的人,分手的比率是其他月份的2.55倍;如果控制了「戀愛經驗」(Past number of relationships)、「交往時間」(Length of relationship)與「第一年參加實驗的關係品質」(Initial relationship quality),再用邏輯迴歸分析(logistic regression)算出控制這些變項之後的「相對倖存率」,二月份分手的比率是其他月份的5.49倍。
Morse, K.A. and S.L. Neuberg, How do holidays influence relationship processes and outcomes? Examining the instigating and catalytic effects of Valentine’s Day. Personal Relationships, 2004. 11(4): p. 509-527.
Buunk, B.P., F.L. Oldersma, and C.K.W. de Dreu, Enhancing Satisfaction through Downward Comparison: The Role of Relational Discontent and Individual Differences in Social Comparison Orientation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2001. 37(6): p. 452-467.
Surra, C.A. and D.K. Hughes, Commitment processes in accounts of the development of premarital relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1997: p. 5-21.
Kellas, J.K., et al., The ex-files: Trajectories, turning points, and adjustment in the development of post-dissolutional relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2008. 25(1): p. 23-50.
Metts, S., W.R. Cupach, and R.A. Bejlovec, `I Love You Too Much to Ever Start Liking You’: Redefining Romantic Relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1989. 6(3): p. 259-274.
Hill, C.T., Z. Rubin, and L.A. Peplau, Breakups before marriage: The end of 103 affairs. Journal of Social Issues, 1976. 32(1): p. 147-168.
Banks, S.P., et al., An examination of relationship disengagement: Perceptions, breakup strategies and outcomes. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 1987. 51(1): p. 19-41.
Dailey, R.M., et al., On-Again/Off-Again Dating Relationships: What Keeps Partners Coming Back? Journal of Social Psychology, 2011. 151(4): p. 417-440.
Dailey, R.M., et al., A qualitative analysis of on-again/off-again romantic relationships: “It’s up and down, all around”. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2009. 26(4): p. 443-466.
Dailey, R.M., et al., On-again/off-again dating relationships: How are they different from other dating relationships? Personal Relationships, 2009. 16(1): p. 23-47.
Bullock, M., et al., Can We Be (and Stay) Friends? Remaining Friends After Dissolution of a Romantic Relationship. Journal of Social Psychology, 2011. 151(5): p. 662-666.
Busboom, A.L., et al., Can we still be friends? Resources and barriers to friendship quality after romantic relationship dissolution. Personal Relationships, 2002. 9(2): p. 215-223.
Harkless, L.E. and B.J. Fowers, Similarities and differences in relational boundaries among heterosexuals, gay men, and lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2005. 29(2): p. 167-176.
Ein-Dor, T., et al., The Attachment Paradox: How Can So Many of Us (the Insecure Ones) Have No Adaptive Advantages? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2010. 5(2): p. 123-141.
-----廣告,請繼續往下閱讀-----
海苔熊
在多次受傷之後,我們數度懷疑自己是否失去了愛人的能力,殊不知我們真正失去的,是重新認識與接納自己的勇氣。 經歷了幾段感情,念了一些書籍,發現了解與頓悟總在分手後,希望藉由這個平台分享一些自己的想法與閱讀心得整理,幫助(?)一些跟我一樣曾經或正在感情世界迷網的夥伴,用更健康的觀點看待愛情,學著從喜歡自己開始,到敏感於周遭的重要他人,最後能用自己的雙手溫暖世界。 研究領域主要在親密關係,包括愛情風格相似性,遠距離戀愛的可能性,與不安全依戀者在網誌或書寫中所透露出的訊息。 P.s.照片中是我的設計師好友Joy et Joséphine
View Comments