褐藻醣膠的網路熱度:藍色為褐藻醣膠、紅色為褐藻「糖」膠、黃色為其英文名 Fucoidan。圖/作者截圖,資料可詳見 Google trends
而根據目前研究資料顯示,褐藻醣膠可能具有以下的功能:
誘導腫瘤細胞凋亡:相關研究包括經由 MAPK 路徑 (Jin et al., 2010)、透過死亡訊號接受器及粒線體誘導細胞凋亡 (Kim et al., 2010)、經由 Caspase 路徑 (Yamasaki-Miyamoto et al., 2009)、經由 ERK p38 與 Pi3K/Akt 路徑(Hyun et al., 2009)
抑制癌處血管生成:抑制血管生成 (TGF↓(Yan, 2015 #20)、經由 HIF-1/VEGF(Chen et al., 2015)、NF-kB (Huang et al., 2015)、透過 miR-29b-DNMT3B-MTSS15 轉介 TGF(Yan et al., 2015)、透過PI3K/Akt/mToR 路徑 (Teng et al., 2015)、透過 JNK/C-jun/AP-1 路徑(N. Y. Lee et al., 2008)
而除了相關論文的數量、品質之外,若仔細看相關論文,會發現不同研究者間會產生不同的結論。比方說對於褐藻醣膠於血管生成的作用,有些部分論文指出其具有使血管增生的效果,但是另外一部份的論文又指出其會導致抑制血管生成。而有其他研究者便針對這矛盾的現象加以研究 (Athukorala et al., 2006; Cong et al., 2016; Matsubara et al., 2005; Nishino et al., 1991),便發現由於實驗用的褐藻醣膠樣品不一,導致有不同的結果。其結果表明,使用較高分子量及較高硫酸化程度的褐藻醣膠會抑制生成,而使用較低分子量及較低硫酸化程度的褐藻醣膠則對於血管生成的影響不明顯甚至在組織培養實驗中有增生的效果。除了對血管代謝的影響外,同樣是褐藻醣膠的作用,還有對於免疫細胞的刺激作用受硫酸基和乙酰基的比例影響 (Choi et al., 2005),其抗病毒能力與分子量及硫酸化程度呈正相關 (Duarte et al., 2001) 等。
而有些廠商宣稱,他們已經有經過「人體實驗證實」了,難道就不能夠作為確實對人體有益的證據嗎?實際上,人體作為科學實驗的材料來說,本來就是一個很「不科學」的材料,因為人類無法被「飼養」在標準化的環境下,而且彼此間的生理功能差異極大。所以嚴謹的藥物實驗規範,如 FDA 藥物認證都會要求要先做完非常嚴謹的前期研究作業,並在人體實驗中非常緩慢的速度進行實驗,並逐漸擴大實驗數量,才能夠使用數量來忽略人體間的巨大差異。而這些認證所需要的數量是上千至上萬人在嚴格管控下,還能夠確實表現出藥物的功效才能稱得上是「有效」的藥物。而大多數廠商宣稱的「人體實驗證實」,是否具有如此嚴謹且經過大量實驗的研究報告呢?
Athukorala, Y., Jung, W.-K., Vasanthan, T., & Jeon, Y.-J. (2006). An anticoagulative polysaccharide from an enzymatic hydrolysate of Ecklonia cava. Carbohydrate polymers, 66(2), 184-191.
Chen, M.-C., Hsu, W.-L., Hwang, P.-A., Chen, Y.-L., & Chou, T.-C. (2016). Combined administration of fucoidan ameliorates tumor and chemotherapy-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in bladder cancer-bearing mice. Oncotarget, 7(32), 51608.
Chen, M.-C., Hsu, W.-L., Hwang, P.-A., & Chou, T.-C. (2015). Low molecular weight fucoidan inhibits tumor angiogenesis through downregulation of HIF-1/VEGF signaling under hypoxia. Marine drugs, 13(7), 4436-4451.
Choi, E.-M., Kim, A.-J., Kim, Y.-O., & Hwang, J.-K. (2005). Immunomodulating activity of arabinogalactan and fucoidan in vitro. Journal of medicinal food, 8(4), 446-453.
Cong, Q., Chen, H., Liao, W., Xiao, F., Wang, P., Qin, Y., . . . Ding, K. (2016). Structural characterization and effect on anti-angiogenic activity of a fucoidan from Sargassum fusiforme. Carbohydrate polymers, 136, 899-907.
Hu, Y., Cheng, S. C.-S., Chan, K.-T., Ke, Y., Xue, B., Sin, F. W.-Y., . . . Xie, Y. (2010). Fucoidin enhances dendritic cell-mediated T-cell cytotoxicity against NY-ESO-1 expressing human cancer cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 392(3), 329-334.
Huang, T.-H., Chiu, Y.-H., Chan, Y.-L., Chiu, Y.-H., Wang, H., Huang, K.-C., . . . Wu, C.-J. (2015). Prophylactic administration of fucoidan represses cancer metastasis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Lewis tumor-bearing mice. Marine drugs, 13(4), 1882-1900.
Hwang, P.-A., Yan, M.-D., Lin, H.-T., Li, K.-L., & Lin, Y.-C. (2016). Toxicological evaluation of low molecular weight fucoidan in vitro and in vivo. Marine drugs, 14(7), 121.
Hyun, J.-H., Kim, S.-C., Kang, J.-I., Kim, M.-K., Boo, H.-J., Kwon, J.-M., . . . Yoo, E.-S. (2009). Apoptosis inducing activity of fucoidan in HCT-15 colon carcinoma cells. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 32(10), 1760-1764.
Jin, J. O., Song, M. G., Kim, Y. N., Park, J. I., & Kwak, J. Y. (2010). The mechanism of fucoidan‐induced apoptosis in leukemic cells: Involvement of ERK1/2, JNK, glutathione, and nitric oxide. Molecular carcinogenesis, 49(8), 771-782.
Kim, E. J., Park, S. Y., Lee, J.-Y., & Park, J. H. Y. (2010). Fucoidan present in brown algae induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells. BMC gastroenterology, 10(1), 96.
Lee, J.-B., Hayashi, K., Hashimoto, M., Nakano, T., & Hayashi, T. (2004). Novel antiviral fucoidan from sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida (Mekabu). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 52(9), 1091-1094.
Lee, N. Y., Ermakova, S. P., Choi, H. K., Kusaykin, M. I., Shevchenko, N. M., Zvyagintseva, T. N., & Choi, H. S. (2008). Fucoidan from Laminaria cichorioides inhibits AP‐1 transactivation and cell transformation in the mouse epidermal JB6 cells. MolecularCarcinogenesis: Published in cooperation with the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 47(8), 629-637.
Li, B., Lu, F., Wei, X., & Zhao, R. (2008). Fucoidan: structure and bioactivity. Molecules, 13(8), 1671-1695.
Li, K.-L., & Lin, Y.-C. (2018). PM2. 5 induced cardiac hypertrophy via CREB/GSK3b/SOS1 pathway and metabolomics alterations. Oncotarget, 9(56), 30748.
Matsubara, K., Xue, C., Zhao, X., Mori, M., Sugawara, T., & Hirata, T. (2005). Effects of middle molecular weight fucoidans on in vitro and ex vivo angiogenesis of endothelial cells. International journal of molecular medicine, 15(4), 695-699.
Yamasaki-Miyamoto, Y., Yamasaki, M., Tachibana, H., & Yamada, K. (2009). Fucoidan induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-8 on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 57(18), 8677-8682.
Yan, M.-D., Yao, C.-J., Chow, J.-M., Chang, C.-L., Hwang, P.-A., Chuang, S.-E., . . . Lai, G.-M. (2015). Fucoidan elevates MicroRNA-29b to regulate DNMT3B-MTSS1 axis and inhibit EMT in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Marine drugs, 13(10), 6099-6116.
Zhang, W., Oda, T., Yu, Q., & Jin, J.-O. (2015). Fucoidan from Macrocystis pyrifera has powerful immune-modulatory effects compared to three other fucoidans. Marine drugs, 13(3), 1084-1104.