語言對時間的思考影響更應用在當代許多跨領域研究。M. Keith Chen 討論語言對經濟行為的作用,分析認為具有明顯未來式文法語言的使用者,對於未來相關的抉擇較不積極。以德文為例,”Morgen regnet es” 直譯 “It rains tomorrow”,英文則須動詞變化像是 “will rain” 或 “is going to rain”,德文與英文比起屬於「弱未來式」。
要證實「語言中未來式較明確者,民眾對於未來會較無規劃」這點,由於國家上會有文化差異,因此 Chen 的研究對象為雙語國家,也就是一個國家有A與 B 的語言使用者,假設 A 與 B 相較下為強未來式,A的使用者對未來會較無長遠規劃。研究的九個多語國家為比利時、布及納法索、伊索比亞、愛沙尼亞、剛果民主共和國、奈及利亞、馬來西亞、新加坡與瑞士。[12]比較語言對於使用者的儲蓄行為、退休規劃以及健康管理是否有影響。並藉此證實了他的推斷,強未來式語言使用者的可能由於未來感較遠,且與現在的狀態抽離,較難引起投資行為[10]。而相同概念也應用在不同語言使用者對個體環境保護意識與國家氣候變遷政策制定等。[11]
註解
Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1956) [1936?]. “An American Indian model of the universe”. In Carroll, J. B. (ed.). Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 57–64.
Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1956) [1939]. “The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language”. In Carroll, J. B. (ed.). Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 134–159.
“Science and linguistics” first published in 1940 in MIT Technology Review (42:229–31); reprinted in Carroll (1956:212–214)
Malotki, Ekkehart (1983). Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in the Hopi Language. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. 20. Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers.
Núñez, R.E., Sweetser, E. (2006). “With the future behind them: convergent evidence from Aymara language and the gesture of crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time”. Sci. 30 (3). pp. 401-450.
Boroditsky L., Gaby, A. (2010). “Remembrances of times East: Absolute Spatial Representations of time in an Australian Aboriginal Community.” Sci.
Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S. & Winter, A. (1991). Crosscultural and development trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology, 23. pp. 515-557.
Boroditsky, L. (2008). Do English and Mandarin Speakers think Differently about Time? Proceedings of the 30th annual conference of the cognitive science society. pp. 64-70.
Bylund, Emanuel, and Panos Athanasopoulos (2017). “The Whorfian Time Warp: Representing Duration through the Language Hourglass.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 146, no. 7, pp. 911–916.
Chen, M. Keith (2011). “The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior: Evidence from Savings Rates, Health Behaviors, and Retirement Assets.” SSRN Electronic Journal.
Mavisakalyan, Astghik, et al (2018). “Talking in the Present, Caring for the Future: Language and Environment.” Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1370–1387.
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