就像很多人類造成的嚴重後果一樣,最後的殘局總是得由微生物來慢慢收拾。塑膠當初被大量使用的原因之一就是它難以分解,結果就是它在海洋裡能長久停留。塑膠提供了可以在海洋裡吸附養份的表面,有了這些養份,細菌就來了。一份來自印度的研究報告指出 PVC 塑膠放在海水裡 30 分鐘就有不少細菌附著[11]。一份英國研究報告也指出細菌會在 PE 塑膠表面形成生物膜,塑膠的親水性增加及浮力變小[12]。親水性增加可以讓它容易被水中微生物接近利用,浮力變小可能幫助它沉入深海。不過這些報告上的證據都只是說明細菌會附著在塑膠上,而吸附的細菌並不見得會幫人類分解塑膠。就像我可以在 Starbucks 窩一陣子補充咖啡因,卻不會像則卷卡斯拉(=可美=寶瓜)那樣把整棟樓給啃了。
到底海洋裡的細菌能不能分解塑膠垃圾?人們在陸地上已經找到一些能緩慢分解塑膠的細菌,但是海水鹹鹹,我們不能指望這些陸地上的細菌能到海洋救援。曾有研究人員從印度海灣裡分離出能在實驗室裡分解 HDPE 塑膠的細菌[13],所以海水裡的確存在可以分解塑膠的細菌,在真正的塑膠垃圾堆裡能不能生長還是未知。 一篇日本的研究報告也指出,如果在海水裡放入 PET 塑膠當做細菌唯一的食物來源,六個月後海水中異營性細菌的數量並不會減少,顯然這群細菌很可能從 PET 塑膠裡得到養份[14]。最近一份美國的研究報告提供了更詳細的資料[15]。他們收集了漂流在北大西洋的塑膠碎片(小於 0.5 公分),帶回實驗室進行分析。他們以掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察這些碎片,不意外地發現大量細菌和其它微生物附著在塑膠表面。意外的是他們觀察到這些細菌似乎陷入塑膠表層,看起來像是把塑膠溶了個洞住進去。而且這些洞都和細菌大小很接近,應該是細菌自己溶出來的。這個證據支持海洋細菌可以分解塑膠的想法,雖然真正可靠的證據還是得在實驗室成功培這些細菌後才能到證實,至少這個結果告訴我們自然界的自我復原機制可能正緩慢地開始作用了。
塑膠碎片表面的細菌. 圖片出自原研究 Figure 2. Zettler et al. Environ Sci Technol. 2013 Jul 2;47(13):7137-46.
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嚴格來說應該是 OTU (operational taxonomic unit),這裡直接稱為”種”,以方便讀者理解.
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