包膜蛋白 ( envelope (E) protein ),穿膜蛋白,與病毒生命週期的多方面有關,如裝配,出芽,包膜形成和發病機制 4。 可配合下面兩張新型冠狀病毒的外觀圖、剖面圖觀察。
上圖:病毒外表示意圖。中圖:病毒剖面示意圖。下圖:新型冠狀病毒 3D 模型,我只是覺得可愛,沒有要解釋什麼~From:上:Scientific Animation。中:US CDC。下:Rocky Mountain Laboratories of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases。中文資訊為作者加註
Assay/Use
Oligonucleotide ID
Sequence (5′-3′)
Comment
RdRP gene
RdRP_SARST-F2
GTGARATGGTCATGTGTGGCGG
use 600 nM per reaction
RdRP_SARS-R1
CARATGTTAAASACACTATTAGCATA
use 800 nM per reaction
RdRP SARSr-P2
FAM-CAGGTGGAACCTCATCAGGAGATGCBBQ
Specific for Wuhan-CoV, will not detect SARSCOV use 100 nM per reaction and mix with P1
RdRP_SARSr-P1
FAMCCAGGTGGWACRTCATCMGGTGATGCBBQ
Pan Sarbeco-Probe, will detect Wuhan virus, SARS-CoV and bat-SARS-related Cols use 100 nM per reaction and mix with P2
E gene
E_Sarbeco_F1
ACAGGTACGTTAATAGTTAATAGCGT
use 400 nM per reaction
E_Sarbeco_R2
ATATTGCAGCAGTACGCACACA
use 400 nM per reaction
E_Sarbeco_P1
FAM-ACACTAGCCATCCTTACTGCGCTTCGBBQ
use 200 nM per reaction
N gene
N_Sarbeco_F1
CACATTGGCACCCGCAATC
use 600 nM per reaction
N Sarbeco R1
GAGGAACGAGAAGAGGCTTG
use 800 nM per reaction
N Sarbeco P1
FAM-ACTTCCTCAAGGAACAACATTGCCABBQ
use 200 nM per reaction
Diagnostic detection of 2019-nCoV by real-time RT-PCR. WHO. 2020/01/13版裡推薦鑑定SAES-CoV-2的 primers。From: 參考文獻2
補充資料2: WHO之研究限制與採樣建議
為保證檢驗引子偵測之專一性,已對其他的冠狀病毒進行過 RT-PCR 測試,確保依循 WHO 文件操作,僅能檢出新型冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)。相關文件內容簡述如下7:
此檢驗方法,已透過檢測 human coronaviruses (HCoV)-229E, -NL63, -OC43, -HKU1 and MERS-CoV(in vitro)。而無法用普通細胞培養的 HCoV-HKU1,亦利用人類上呼吸道培養病毒,以確保本文件推薦之方式不會測出上述冠狀病毒。
Roujian Lu, Xiang Zhao, Juan Li, Peihua Niu, Bo Yang, Honglong Wu, Wenling Wang, Hao Song, Baoying Huang, Na Zhu, Yuhai Bi, Xuejun Ma, Faxian Zhan, Liang Wang, Tao Hu, Hong Zhou, Zhenhong Hu, Weimin Zhou, Li Zhao, Jing Chen, Yao Meng, Ji Wang, Yang Lin, Jianying Yuan, Zhihao Xie, Jinmin Ma, William J Liu, Dayan Wang, Wenbo Xu, Edward C Holmes, George F Gao, Guizhen Wu, Weijun Chen, Weifeng Shi, Wenjie Tan (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Diagnostic detection of 2019-nCoV by real-time RT-PCR. WHO. 2020/01/13
Benjamin W. Neuman, Gabriella Kiss, Andreas H. Kunding, David Bhella, M. Fazil Baksh, Stephen Connelly, Ben Droese, Joseph P. Klaus, Shinji Makino, Stanley G. Sawicki, Stuart G. Siddell, Dimitrios G. Stamou, Ian A. Wilson, Peter Kuhn, and Michael J. Buchmeier. (2015) A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology. Journal of Structural Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.021
Dewald Schoeman & Burtram C. Fielding (2019) Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virology Journal. 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0
M. Alejandra Tortorici, Alexandra C. Walls, Yifei Lang, Chunyan Wang, Zeshi Li, Danielle Koerhuis, Geert-Jan Boons, Berend-Jan Bosch, Félix A. Rey, Raoul J. de Groot, and David Veesler. (2019) Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid receptors. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0233-y
Qinghong Zeng, Martijn A. Langereis, Arno L. W. van Vliet, Eric G. Huizinga, and Raoul J. de Groot. (2008) Structure of coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase offers insight into corona and influenza virus evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800502105
Diagnostic detection of 2019-nCoV by real-time RT-PCR. WHO. 2020/01/17