根據一項由加州大學戴維斯分校(University of California, Davis)阿茲海默症中心(Alzheimer’s Disease Center)和加拿大維多利亞大學(University of Victoria)共同執行的大型研究指出,相較於人口學特質(如族群 [ethnicity] 等),早期的生活經驗,如:孩提時的社經狀況和素養,對晚年的認知缺損有更大的影響。
研究文獻:Paul W. H. Brewster, Rebecca J. Melrose, María J. Marquine, Julene K. Johnson, Anna Napoles, Anna MacKay-Brandt, Sarah Farias, Bruce Reed, Dan Mungas (2014) Life Experience and Demographic Influences on Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Neuropsychology
此外,聽損與否也可能會影響一個人大腦的結構與功能。美國約翰霍普金斯大學的研究人員 [10],利用「巴的摩爾老化長期研究(Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging)」的資料,針對聽損與腦容量的關係進行了一項有趣的研究,他們分析了一群受試者在逐漸老化時,其腦容量的變化。受試者在研究之初,做了聽力評估,接著接受為期長達十年、每年一次的核磁共振檢查。結果顯示,研究開始時就患有聽損的受試者,相較於聽常者,其大腦有較大幅度的萎縮,平均以每年一立方釐米以上的速度流失大腦組織,而這些大腦組織恰好與輕度認知功能退化和早期失智症所表現出的記憶衰退的行為有關 [11]。
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Lin, F. R., Metter, E. J., O’Brien, R. J., Resnick, S. M., Zonderman, A. B., & Ferrucci, L. (2011). Hearing loss and incident dementia. Archives of Neurology, 68(2), 214-220.
Fulton, S. E., Lister, J. J., Bush, A. L. H., Edwards, J. D., & Andel, R. (2015, August). Mechanisms of the hearing–cognition relationship. In Seminars in Hearing (Vol. 36, No. 03, pp. 140-149). Thieme Medical Publishers.
Mishra, S., Stenfelt, S., Lunner, T., Rönnberg, J., & Rudner, M. (2014). Cognitive spare capacity in older adults with hearing loss. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 96.
Mishra, S., Lunner, T., Stenfelt, S., Rönnberg, J., & Rudnera, M. (2013). Visual Information Can Hinder Working Memory Processing of Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56, 1120-1132.
Glick, H. A., & Sharma, A. (2020). Cortical neuroplasticity and cognitive function in early-stage, mild-moderate hearing loss: evidence of neurocognitive benefit from hearing aid use. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 93.
Lin, F. R., Ferrucci, L., An, Y., Goh, J. O., Doshi, J., Metter, E. J., … & Resnick, S. M. (2014). Association of hearing impairment with brain volume changes in older adults. Neuroimage, 90, 84-92.
Liu, J., Zhang, X., Yu, C., Duan, Y., Zhuo, J., Cui, Y., … & Liu, Y. (2016). Impaired parahippocampus connectivity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 49(4), 1051-1064.
Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013). Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), 5797-5801.
Maharani, A., Pendleton, N., & Leroi, I. (2019). Hearing impairment, loneliness, social isolation, and cognitive function: Longitudinal analysis using English longitudinal study on ageing. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(12), 1348-1356.
Lin, F. R., Metter, E. J., O’Brien, R. J., Resnick, S. M., Zonderman, A. B., & Ferrucci, L. (2011). Hearing loss and incident dementia. Archives of Neurology, 68(2), 214-220.
Paciello, F., Pisani, A., Rinaudo, M., Cocco, S., Paludetti, G., Fetoni, A. R., & Grassi, C. (2023). Noise-induced auditory damage affects hippocampus causing memory deficits in a model of early age-related hearing loss. Neurobiology of Disease, 178, 106024.
提出的新挑戰則是,現在 FDA 核准的藥物都是鎖定類澱粉蛋白質為目標,還有一大堆同類的藥正在燒鈔票試驗中,但是新研究對於類澱粉斑塊致病假說是一記強而有力的警鐘。或許 Tau 蛋白質的角色一直被誤解了,它才是真正的幕後黑手?又或許根本不需要保護整個腦,只要想辦法保住關鍵腦區或必要的神經元通道,就可以對抗阿茲海默症?這些問題都是接下來研究的重點。