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最近全球知名的學術刊物《人格與社會心理學期刊》(Journal of Personality and Social Psychology)刊出兩項研究,完美闡述了這個概念。
數秒鐘內的改變
第一個研究是由紐約大學的約翰.巴爾(John Bargh)與同仁進行,他們請受試者把幾個字湊成的字串,重新排列成語意連貫的句子,其中一半受試者拿到的字和老年人有關,例如「man’s was skin the wrinkled」,另一半受試者也是拿到同一組字串,但以另一字取代和老年有關的字,例如「man’s was skin the smooth」。
另外還有觸摸的力量。艾普洛. 克魯斯科(April Crusco)在論文〈點金術:人際觸摸對餐廳小費的影響〉(The Midas Touch: The Effects of Interpersonal Touch on Restaurant Tipping)中說明她如何訓練兩位女服務生在給客人帳單時,觸摸他們的手掌或肩膀一秒半。這兩種觸摸方式都可以比沒碰到的方式獲得更多的小費。觸摸手掌的效果又比輕拍肩膀的效果好一些。
1774 年,歌德出版小說《少年維特的煩惱》(The Sorrows of Young Werther ),少年維特愛上一位已有婚約的女子,維特不願面對沒有她的人生,決定自殺以求解脫。這本書出版後引起廣泛迴響,事實上它在很多方面都太成功了,引發連串的自殺模仿效應,導致歐洲好幾個國家都把這本書列為禁書。