五十多年前,一項研究以三個月大的嬰兒為受試者,凸顯了控制感的重要性。研究者將嬰兒分成兩組,A 組是有控制權的嬰兒,他們躺在嬰兒床上,頭靠著枕頭,床的上方倒掛著一把半透明的傘,裡面用彈簧黏著幾隻動物玩偶,如果嬰兒轉一下頭,傘裡的燈就會亮起,嬰兒就可以看到那些玩偶在「跳舞」,但一會兒燈就熄滅了。當 A 組嬰兒碰巧轉頭,讓傘裡的燈亮起並看到玩偶,他們就會表現出好奇、開心和興奮的樣子,而且很快就學會利用轉頭來控制玩偶的出現,然後一次又一次重複這個動作,看起來一直都很開心。B 組嬰兒則沒有控制權,只有在 A 組轉頭時,他們床上的燈也跟著亮起,才可以「順便」看到玩偶, 所以 B 組看到玩偶的次數和時間都跟 A 組一樣多,但他們只有在一開始表現得跟 A 組一樣開心,然後很快就因為適應而失去興趣。
另一項研究以生命的另一端——老年人為受試者,也戲劇化地證明了「控制感」對於幸福快樂的重要性。研究者告訴 A 組養老院的住民必須為自己負責、照顧好自己;B 組住民則被告知他們的一切生活起居都由工作人員打理。此外,A 組每天都要決定一些簡單的事,並照顧一盆植物;B 組則沒有任何決定權,他們的植物也由工作人員照顧。結果,A 組老人(對自己的生活有一定的控制權)比 B 組(沒有控制權)更有活力、更靈敏,主觀幸福感也更高。最引人注目的是,A 組的平均壽命比 B 組多好幾年。可見,從出生到死亡,人都需要擁有對生活的掌控權。
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